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Introduction of Excavator
Excavator is a kind of construction machinery that mainly excavates soil and stone. As a fast and efficient construction operation machine, it has become a main type of construction machinery product family. It is widely used in soil and stonework of various construction projects. under construction.
Other uses: After replacing the working device, the excavator can also perform operations such as pouring, lifting, installation, piling, ramming and pulling piles. In the mechanized construction of military engineering and other industries.
1. Classification and representation method
There are many types of excavators, which can be divided into periodic operation type and continuous operation type according to their operation methods. The former is a single-bucket excavator, and the latter is a multi-bucket excavator.
The first letter of the excavator model is represented by W, and the following numbers represent the weight of the machine. For example, W represents a crawler-type mechanical single bucket excavator, WY represents a crawler-type hydraulic excavator, WLY represents a tire-type hydraulic excavator, and WY200 represents a crawler-type hydraulic excavator with a weight of 20t.
2. Basic structure of single bucket hydraulic excavator
The single bucket excavator is mainly composed of working device, slewing mechanism, slewing platform, traveling device, power device, hydraulic system, electrical system and auxiliary system. The working device is replaceable, it can be selected according to the requirements of the work object and construction
(1) Working device:
The common working devices of hydraulic excavators include backhoe, front shovel, grab bucket, lifting and loading, etc. The same working device also has many different forms of structures to meet the needs of different working conditions. Backhoe hydraulic excavators are mostly used in construction projects.
1) Backhoe device: Backhoe is the most commonly used structural type of single-bucket hydraulic excavator, and is mainly used to excavate soil below the stop surface. The main components such as boom, stick and bucket are hinged with each other, and each component rotates around the hinge point
under the action of the hydraulic cylinder to complete the actions of digging, lifting and unloading.
2) Front shovel device: It is mainly used for excavating above the ground, and is mostly used for mining rock loading operations. The working object is hard, and the excavation method with small cutting thickness and long excavation stroke must be used, so the bucket excavation is generally the main method.
3) Grab working device: deep well operation, loading and unloading materials. According to different working objects, there are two main structural forms: plum-blossom grab and double-jaw grab. The double-jaw grab is mostly used in earthwork operations.
4) Hydraulic breaker: It is mainly used for demolition, piling, excavation of rock formations, damage to the surface of pavement, and tamping of soil.
(2) Rotary device:
The hydraulic excavator slewing device consists of a turntable, a slewing support and a slewing mechanism. The vertical load, horizontal load and overturning moment acting on the turntable by the working device of the excavator are transferred to the base frame through the outer race, rolling body and inner seat of the slewing support, and the turntable rotates relative to the base frame when the slewing mechanism works.
(3) Walking device:
The traveling device is the supporting part of the excavator, which bears the self-weight of the machine and the reaction force of the working device when excavating, and at the same time enables the excavator to operate in the workplace or for transportation. The common traveling devices are crawler type and tire type. .
3. Operation process of single bucket hydraulic excavator
When the excavator is working, rotate the platform to make the working device move to the working surface of the excavation position along with the platform, and operate the boom cylinder, stick cylinder and bucket cylinder at the same time to adjust the bucket to the excavation position. Make the bucket carry out digging and loading work. After the bucket is full, turn off the stick cylinder and bucket cylinder, lift the boom, and the bucket leaves the excavation surface. Then the rotary motor is turned on to move the bucket to the unloading location, and then operate The stick cylinder adjusts the unloading distance, and the bucket is turned over to unload the soil. After unloading the soil, transfer the working device to the excavation site for the next operation.
In the actual excavation operation, according to the soil conditions, the working conditions of the excavation surface and the hydraulic system of the excavator, the action coordination of the three oil cylinders of the working device in the excavation cycle can be varied, and the above is only the general working process. Each working cycle of the excavator includes:
Excavation: It is mainly the composite action of bucket and stick, accompanied by boom action if necessary.
Rotation: It is mainly the compound action of the boom and the rotation.
Unloading: It is mainly the composite action of the bucket and the stick, and if necessary, it is accompanied by the action of the boom.
Return: The compound action of swing and boom or stick.
4. Main performance parameters
The parameters of the excavator include standard bucket capacity, machine weight, power, maximum digging force, rotation speed, walking speed and traction force, etc. The three most important parameters, namely standard bucket capacity, machine weight and rated power, are used as hydraulic pressure. The symbol parameters of the excavator classification reflect the size of the hydraulic excavator level. The specification level of the hydraulic excavator in my country is classified according to the machine weight.
Common hydraulic excavators are mainly 3t, 4t, 5t, 6t, 8t, 10t, 12t, 16t, 20t, 21t, 22t, 23t, 25t, 26t, 28t, 30t, 32t, ... 400t and so on.
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